Clifford Chance
Get insights on the latest antitrust and foreign investment developments, trends and risks from across the globe and benefit from our legal, political and industry expertise.
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The UK Competition and Markets Authority sets out its provisional approach to implement the new Digital Markets competition regime
On 11 January 2024, the UK Competition and Markets Authority ("CMA") set out its provisional approach to implement the new Digital Markets competition regime, which is expected to come into force in Autumn 2024. This provides welcome clarification about how the Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Bill (the "DMCC Bill"), which is currently progressing through Parliament, is likely to work in practice.
Zoe Bartlett Senior Associate 17 January 2024
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German Court Rules on Disclosure of Trade Secrets in Competition Law Investigations
In a landmark decision, the German Federal Supreme Court has adjudicated on the balance between the need for transparency in competition investigations and the protection of a party's trade secrets.
Johannes Lüer Senior Associate 22 February 2024
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Singapore passes the Significant Investments Review Act 2024 to regulate investments in critical entities
Singapore passes new law to regulate significant investments into entities critical to Singapore's national security, including "calling-in" powers against persons who have acted against Singapore's national security interests.
Ivan Chan Counsel 13 March 2024
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Antitrust fine of the German FCO for resale price maintenance
On 13 March 2024, the German Federal Cartel Office ("German FCO") announced that it fined an Austrian manufacturer of protective clothing for vertical price-fixing.
Arne Gayk Senior Associate 18 March 2024
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EU Court Advocate General recommends overturning the European Commission’s policy on Article 22 EU Merger Regulation referrals
In his opinion in the Illumina / Grail case, the Advocate General expressed the view that Member States may not refer a merger to the EU Commission for review where they have no competence to review the merger under national law.
Patricia Trapp Associate 8 April 2024
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The UK Government is considering national security screening of outbound investments
The Government has announced that it is exploring how to mitigate national security risks that may arise from a "very small proportion" of outbound investments, including use of its powers under the National Security and Investment Act (NSIA). Separately, it has set out a series of intended reforms of the NSIA regime.
Sue Hinchliffe Partner 19 April 2024
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U.S. Federal Trade Commission Approves Rule Banning Most Non-Competes
On April 23, 2024, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission ("FTC") voted 3-2 to approve a rule that, with limited exceptions, prohibits employers from entering into or enforcing existing non-compete provisions with employees.
Brian Concklin Partner 30 April 2024
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A new dawn for merger control in Australia: Major reforms confirmed
The Australian Government has announced significant reforms to Australia's merger control laws that will introduce a single mandatory and suspensory administrative merger regime which are anticipated to commence on 1 January 2026.
Elizabeth Richmond Partner 2 May 2024
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Australian Foreign investment review board (FIRB) policy focussed on a risk based approach
The new FIRB policy seeks to streamline the screening process for 'lower-risk' investments, while increasing scrutiny of investments in sensitive sectors such as critical infrastructure, minerals and technology, and investments that have access to sensitive data.
Mark Currell Partner 8 May 2024
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First in-depth investigation for M&A under FSR in Europe
The European Commission has launched its first ever in-depth investigation into foreign subsidies for an M&A transaction. The probe is also the first Phase II review under the Foreign Subsidies Regulation regime not affecting a Chinese business.
Anastasios Tomtsis Partner 12 June 2024
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The French Competition Authority assesses below-threshold mergers under rules on anti-competitive agreements for the first time
In an unprecedented decision issued on 2 May 2024, the French Competition Authority ("FCA") examined, for the first time, whether a series of mergers that had fallen below the EU and national merger control notification thresholds and had thus not been subject to an ex-ante review by the European Commission ("EC") or the FCA, constituted anti-competitive agreements contrary to Article 101 TFEU.
Katrin Schallenberg Partner 25 June 2024
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€15.9 million for deleting compromising WhatsApp messages during an antitrust inspection
This is the first time the European Commission has imposed a fine for deleting messages exchanged via social media on a mobile device during a dawn raid. The Commission warns that it will not tolerate any action that could undermine the effectiveness of its investigations and will firmly punish any obstruction, including communications on mobile phones.
Ana Latorre Abogado 28 June 2024
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Key Insights from the German FCO Annual Report for 2023/24
The German Federal Cartel Office ("German FCO") published its Annual Report for 2023/24.
Lisa Rotterdam Associate 2 July 2024
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Second antitrust fine of the German FCO for resale price maintenance in 2024
On 2 July 2024, the German Federal Cartel Office ("German FCO") announced that it has imposed fines totalling nearly EUR16 million on AVM Computersysteme Vertriebs GmbH ("AVM") for vertical price fixing with six electronics retailers.
Arne Gayk Senior Associate 3 July 2024
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Scrutinizing outbound investment: A closer look at treasury proposed rule on outbound U.S investments
On June 21, 2024, the U.S. Department of the Treasury ("Treasury") issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (the "Proposed Rule" or "NPRM") to implement the August 9, 2023 Executive Order ("EO") and address "the national emergency declared by the President with respect to the national security threat posed by countries of concern developing technologies that are critical to the next generation of military, intelligence, surveillance, or cyber-enabled capabilities."1 As the Treasury Press Release and Fact Sheet describe, the Proposed Rule lays out draft regulations to establish a national security program. This program would either prohibit or require notification of certain types of outbound investments by "U.S. persons" into certain industries in so-called "countries of concern," currently defined as the People's Republic of China ("PRC"), Hong Kong, and Macau or otherwise involving "Covered Foreign Persons." Comments on the Proposed Rule are due by August 4, 2024.2
Megan Gordon Office Managing Partner, Washington, DC 10 July 2024
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First appeal against FSR dawn raids: Nuctech's main arguments have been published
The EU General Court has published the main arguments of Nuctech's actions against the European Commission's first ever dawn raid under the FSR, including inter alia the unlawful request to provide information located outside the EU and the infringement of Chinese law.
Caroline Scholke Counsel 12 July 2024
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Sustainability as a guiding principle of competition law? The Advisory Board of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action says no
According to the recent report of the Scientific Advisory Board of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action, categorizing sustainability as a guiding principle of competition law would unduly politicise the work of national competition authorities. Instead, politics should focus on this issue. Current competition law instruments already available - such as the European Commission's Horizontal Guidelines - could additionally promote sustainability efforts, if needed.
Anne Filzmoser Counsel 30 July 2024
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Exposed: details of Australia's new mandatory merger regime emerge from draft legislation
The Australian Government has released the draft of Australia's new mandatory merger control regime – shedding light on the new regime which was announced by Treasury earlier this year.
Elizabeth Richmond Partner 31 July 2024
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AG Medina's September 5, 2024 opinion in Android Auto: about access of apps to dominant digital platforms and the extent to which a dominant platform must actively enable support of third party apps
On September 5, Advocate General ("AG") Laila Medina issued her opinion in an Alphabet/Google ("Google") case before the Court of Justice ("CJEU") by way of preliminary ruling request concerning litigation about the Italian competition authority's 2023 Android Auto decision. Bottom line: AG Medina proposes that the CJEU rule that limiting access of apps to a dominant platform conceived to be open to apps can be an abuse, without having to show that the existing EU case law criteria of a "refusal of access" abuse (such as indispensability and likelihood of elimination of all competition) are met. That position, if adopted by the Court, could make it easier for authorities to bring cases against digital platforms (including but not limited to Google) for inhibiting access to the platform, to the benefit of independent app providers. Separately, the CJEU also ruled on September 10 in another Google case before the CJEU (Google Shopping).
Dieter Paemen Partner 11 September 2024
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The new UK regime for enforcement of consumer protection laws: how will it affect your business?
A new UK law is set to raise the risk profile of consumer protection law compliance – for UK companies and for all businesses whose products or services are supplied to consumers in the UK.
Michael Grenfell Partner 16 September 2024
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Learnings from the first FSR clearance subject to remedies: the e& / PPF case
The European Commission ("Commission") has conditionally approved the acquisition by e& of control over parts of the PPF Group, following its first M&A related in-depth investigation under the Foreign Subsidies Regulation ("FSR").
Georgios Yannouchos Counsel 26 September 2024
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Belgium publishes its first Annual Report on foreign direct investment (FDI) screening
The Annual Report demonstrates that Belgium is playing an active role in analysing foreign investments: 68 notifications were filed and processed between 1 July 2023 and 30 June 2024 ("Relevant Period").
Jonathan Blondeel Lawyer 3 October 2024
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The UK's National Security and Investment Regime: Key insights from the Annual Report 2023-24
On 10 September 2024, the UK Cabinet Office released its annual report on the operation of the UK National Security and Investment ("NSIA") regime for the period covering 1 April 2023 – 31 March 2024 (here). The Annual Report provides aggregated data on the operation of the regime, including insights into the sectors that are potentially subject to greater scrutiny.
Nissim Massarano Senior Associate 18 October 2024
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Antitrust fine imposed in Germany on Strabag AG for bid rigging
On 6 November 2024, the German Federal Cartel Office ("German FCO") announced that it has imposed a fine of EUR 2.79 million on Strabag AG ("Strabag") for collusive tendering (so called bid rigging) in relation to the renovation of Cologne's Zoobrücke bridge.
Lisa Rotterdam Associate 11 November 2024
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The UK's National Security and Investment Act 2021: Learnings from the Final Orders issued in the first 12 months
In the first 12 months of the UK's new national security regime, 14 transactions have been subject to Final Orders, including 5 prohibitions, 9 conditional clearances and 8 deals with a connection to China.
Aniko Adam Counsel 4 January 2023
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FTC Proposes Sweeping Ban on Noncompete Clauses
The FTC proposed a rule that departs from decades of legal precedent and ignores procompetitive justifications by looking to ban noncompetes in almost every situation.
Sung Shin Associate 11 January 2023
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Outbound Investment Among the Biden Administration's 2023 Priorities The Biden Administration has once again signalled to the creation of an outbound investment review mechanism and provided federal funding to the U.S. Departments of Commerce and Treasury to consider establishing the regime. 16 January 2023 Read more
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10 antitrust trends financial services firms should be watching in 2023
In 2023, competition authorities are set to continue to closely scrutinise the financial services sector.
Daniel Schwarz Senior Associate 2 February 2023
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Update from Brussels: New EU simplified procedure and filing forms
The European Commission has adopted new rules for the simplified procedure under the EU Merger Regulation and revised its notification forms. As of 1 September 2023, the new mechanism will inter alia allow a limited range of additional transactions to benefit from the simplified procedure.
Anne Filzmoser Counsel 9 May 2023
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US Department of Justice Faces Additional Setback in Criminal Antitrust Labour-Market Prosecutions
A recent acquittal in a criminal antitrust case marks another setback to the US Department of Justice's effort to use criminal prosecutions to address alleged anticompetitive conduct in labour markets.
Brian Concklin Partner 10 May 2023
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The UK's National Security and Investment Act 2021: UK Government publishes updated Market Guidance
The UK Government has published updated Market Guidance which provides some useful additional information on how the Government will exercise its powers under the NSI Act.
Jennifer Storey Partner 15 May 2023
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Clifford Chance responds to the CMA's consultation on its draft guidance on environmental sustainability agreements
We broadly welcome the UK Competition and Markets Authority's (CMA) proposed guidance on the application of the law on anticompetitive horizontal agreements to environmental sustainability agreements (Draft Guidance). In our response to the consultation, we highlighted some additional areas that the Draft Guidance could usefully cover to provide businesses with greater certainty.
Nissim Massarano Senior Associate 16 May 2023
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EU Foreign Subsidies Regulation: Insights from the European Commission's Q&A
The European Commission has published a Q&A document for the EU Foreign Subsidies Regulation (FSR) clarifying, among other points, that a filing is required for any qualifying transaction which signs on or after 12 July 2023, but which has not closed by 12 October 2023.
María Begoña Barrantes Counsel 7 June 2023
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The Broad Scope of the Romanian FDI Screening Regime
The scope of the Romanian FDI law is quite extensive as a large number of activities may be considered to relate to relevant sectors for FDI screening.
Eleonora Udroiu Of Counsel 13 June 2023
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JFTC publishes Green Guidelines
In line with Japan's greenhouse gas emissions goals, the Green Guidelines provide more than 70 case examples and explain whether various activities to achieve a green society raise any antitrust issues.
Machiko Ishii Qualified Lawyer 26 June 2023
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The UK's National Security and Investment Regime: Key insights from the Annual Report 2022-23
On 11 July 2023, the UK's Investment Security Unit ("ISU") released its annual report on the operation of the UK National Security and Investment ("NSIA") regime for the period covering 1 April 2022 – 31 March 2023 (here). The Annual Report provides aggregated data on the operation of the regime, including insights into the sectors that are potentially subject to greater scrutiny.
Jennifer Storey Partner 17 July 2023
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Senate Passed Amendment to the 2024 NDAA to Increase Oversight of Outbound Investment
The United States continues to take increasing measures to monitor outbound US investment.
Renee Latour Partner 2 August 2023
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UK Tribunal's first Subsidy Control judgment refuses to recycle State aid jurisprudence
In the first case heard by the UK's Competition Appeal Tribunal (CAT) under the Subsidy Control Act 2022 (SCA), the CAT has thrown into doubt the notion of "cross-subsidisation" and has shown itself willing to take its own UK-focussed approach to subsidy control law.
Nissim Massarano Senior Associate 21 August 2023
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Revealed: Possible thresholds for proposed mandatory merger filing regime in Australia
Transactions involving companies with turnover of AUD$400 million or a transaction value of more than AUD$35 million would trigger a mandatory ACCC merger filing under proposed ACCC reforms to the Australian merger notification regime.
Elizabeth Richmond Partner 22 August 2023
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First gatekeepers designated under the EU Digital Markets Act and required to comply with Digital Services Act
The European Commission (Commission) has designated six businesses as "gatekeepers" under the EU Digital Markets Act (DMA), in respect of 22 different "core platform services" that they provide. This follows the earlier designation of the same businesses, plus a number of others, under the EU Digital Services Act (DSA), which is now fully applicable to those businesses.
Ana Hergouth Lawyer 13 September 2023
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Geo-blocking practices for video gaming clearly regarded as restricting competition in the EU
In January 2021, the European Commission ("EC") fined Valve and five video game publishers EUR 7.8 million for geo-blocking practices.
Last week, the General Court upheld the EC's characterisation of geo-blocking practices restricting cross-border sales of certain PC games based on the geographical location of users in the EEA as being a "by object" restriction of competition violating Article 101(1) TFEU.
Carmen Puscas Lawyer 6 October 2023
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UK Government Launches a Review of the Scope of the National Security and Investment Regime
On 13 November 2023, the UK Government launched a "Call for Evidence" on whether there should be updates to the UK National Security and Investment Act ("NSIA") regime (the press release is here). For the most part, the Call for Evidence indicates a desire to reduce the scope of the regime, as well as to add clarity and certainty. However, it appears likely that the scope of certain sectors will widen, and the filing forms may be lengthened.
Nissim Massarano Senior Associate 28 November 2023
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The French Competition Authority fines Rolex EUR 91 million for prohibiting its authorised retailers from selling its watches online
The French Competition Authority (the "FCA") has fined Rolex France (jointly and severally with Rolex Holding SA, the Hans Wilsdorf Foundation, and Rolex SA) for prohibiting its distributors from selling Rolex watches online for over ten years. The FCA deems this restriction on online sales as a vertical agreement limiting competition and rejects Rolex's argument that it was necessary to combat counterfeiting and parallel trade. The FCA imposed a fine of EUR 91.6 million on Rolex France and ordered Rolex to publish a summary of the decision on various digital and print channels, as well as to share it with authorised retailers. This fine is the highest imposed to date by the FCA in relation to online sales restrictions in vertical agreements.
Sabra Ferhat Counsel 22 December 2023
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CMA updates penalty setting guidance for competition investigations
The UK's Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) has issued revised guidance on penalty setting in Competition Act cases. The revised guidance suggests an appetite to issue larger fines going forward.
Nissim Massarano Senior Associate 3 January 2022
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EU Whistleblower Protection Directive: safeguarding effective access to leniency
The increased protection of employees who report antitrust infringements may impact companies' ability to identify antitrust breaches and successfully apply for immunity from fines.
Aleksander Tombiński Counsel 13 January 2022
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Extension of Australia's national security investment protections
An expansion to Australia's critical infrastructure legislation sees an extension to the scope of the foreign investment restrictions applying to national security businesses.
Alexander Duffy Senior Associate 17 January 2022
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U.S. DOJ, FBI to Focus on Collusive Conduct Related to Supply Chain Disruptionsd
The Department of Justice has announced that it would be working with domestic and international partners to further scrutinize collusive conduct relating to the ongoing pandemic-related supply chain issues.
Brian Concklin Partner 21 February 2022
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Should foreign investors be concerned about the new National Security Review measures in China?
In this note, we intend to share our practical experience over the past year in helping clients navigate through the new Chinese National Security Review (NSR) regime.
Yong Bai Partner 8 March 2022
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Japan Fair Trade Commission issued a report on potential antitrust issues relating to IPOs in Japan
The JFTC indicates that it may be anti-competitive if a lead manager suggests issuers a very low offering price without enough explanation to the issuers.
Masafumi Shikakura Partner 16 March 2022
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Digital Markets Act: European Parliament and Council seal the deal
The EU has reached agreement on the Digital Markets Act (DMA), the new EU legislation regulating online services. Companies designated as "gatekeepers" will likely need to comply with the DMA's prohibitions and obligations in the second half of 2023.
Ana Hergouth Lawyer 25 March 2022
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Antitrust class actions: UK Tribunal's judgment in first opt-out class carriage dispute
On 31 March 2022, the Competition Appeal Tribunal (“CAT”) handed down an important judgment regarding antitrust collective proceedings in the UK. The Tribunal considered three issues: (1) whether the Tribunal should permit the collective proceedings to proceed (the “Certification Issue”); (2) if so, whether they should proceed on an opt-in or an opt-out basis (the “Opt-in vs Opt-out Issue”); and (3) which proposed class representative (“PCR”) should be permitted to take the collective proceedings forward (the “Carriage Issue”).
Ben Jasper Senior Associate 7 April 2022
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Polish FDI control - Status Quo.
Although almost two years have passed since the introduction of the general foreign direct investment ("FDI") control regime in Poland, there have only been a handful of cases and no comprehensive practice has been established yet.
Iwona Terlecka Counsel 26 April 2022
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CMA not immune from costs orders says Supreme Court
On 25 May 2022, the Supreme Court handed down an important judgment relating to appeals against decisions by public authorities (Pfizer and Flynn v CMA [2022] UKSC 14) (here).
Luke Tolaini Partner 27 May 2022
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Failure to notify and gun jumping: the French Competition Authority fines both infringements in one decision for the first time
In a decision 22-D-10 from 12 April 2022, the French Competition Authority ("FCA") fined Cofepp €7 million (approx. 1% of its turnover generated in France in 2020), for both failing to notify its acquisition of Marie Bizard Wine & Spirits ("MBWS") and completing the merger ahead of clearance.
Salome Haddou Avocat 30 May 2022
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The UK's national security and investment regime: Key insights from the first quarter
On 16 June 2022, Business Secretary Kwasi Kwarteng published the government's first annual report on the UK's national security and investment regime.
Josh Kennion Lawyer 20 June 2022
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Belgium: Agreement on a new cross-sector foreign investment screening mechanism
The Belgian governments have reached a cooperation agreement to put in place a foreign investment screening mechanism to safeguard Belgium's critical infrastructure.
Jonathan Blondeel Lawyer 21 June 2022
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EU General Court annulled the EC's decision imposing a near-billion euro fine on Qualcomm
The judgment is a rare full annulment in an abuse of dominance case, and the first of an Article 102 TFEU decision adopted by Commissioner Margrethe Vestager
Sabra Ferhat Counsel 14 July 2022
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New market guidance on UK national security filings
On 19 July 2022, the UK Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy ("BEIS") published new market guidance notes in relation to the National Security and Investment Act 2021 (the "NSIA").
Aniko Adam Counsel 25 July 2022
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U.S. Lawmakers Seek to Establish Outbound Investment Review Regime
Recent legislative developments indicate that an investment review mechanism similar to CFIUS may soon apply to U.S. outbound investments. If adopted, U.S. persons and entities interested in investing overseas may need to go through a "reverse CFIUS" process before engaging the outbound transactions.
Renee Latour Partner 30 August 2022
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CMA's 'Wide Most Favoured Nation' Decision Overturned in the Compare the Market Case
The UK's Competition Appeal Tribunal (CAT) overturned the Competition and Markets Authority's (CMA) "most favoured nation clauses" decision in the Compare the Market (CTM) case (Decision).
Nissim Massarano Senior Associate 1 September 2022
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Fortifying Existing Measures: A New Executive Order for CFIUS Reviews
President Biden's new Executive Order strengthens existing CFIUS review standards and highlights the focus on US national security.
Renee Latour Partner 28 September 2022
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The CNMC imposes gun jumping fines for failure to notify transactions meeting the Spanish market share threshold
Companies should be cautious and carry out reasonable assessments prior to disregarding the need to notify a transaction based on the Spanish market share threshold
María Begoña Barrantes Counsel 21 September 2022
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Recent amendments to the Italian Golden Power regime: the pre-notification procedure
The Italian government has (finally) introduced a prenotification procedure in the Italian investment screening mechanism, which allows companies to obtain a preliminary assessment on the applicability of the Italian Golden Power regulation to proposed transactions.
Luciano Di Via Partner 23 September 2022
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The Digital Markets Act has been published in the Official Journal
The Digital Markets Act (DMA), the novel regulatory regime for large digital companies - the so-called gatekeepers - has been published in the Official Journal (OJ) of the European Union today.
Ana Hergouth Lawyer 12 October 2022
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UK Government announces Subsidy Control Act will come into force on 4 January 2023
From 4 January 2023, certain subsidies must be notified to the Competition and Market Authority's Subsidy Advice Unit, and subsidy decisions by public authorities can be appealed to the UK's Competition Appeal Tribunal.
Nissim Massarano Senior Associate 21 October 2022
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The unusual features of the European Commission's Decision in the video game geo-blocking case
The Decision illustrates the Commission's renewed determination to encourage cross-border trade of digital sector products and services and copyrighted works.
Sabra Ferhat Counsel 27 October 2022
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Gaming under the competition spotlight
The expansion of the video gaming industry has drawn increased scrutiny by competition authorities. In this article, we summarise recent competition law developments in the gaming industry
Daniel Schwarz Senior Associate 23 November 2022
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Algorithms breach the Anti-Monopoly Act – court decision in Japan
Tokyo District Court decided in a recent case that manipulating rankings using an algorithm constituted an abuse of a superior bargaining position and a breach of the Anti-Monopoly Act.
Machiko Ishii Qualified Lawyer 7 December 2022
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The UK National Security & Investment Act: Application to foreign transactions
Acquisitions of overseas entities and assets could be caught by the new UK national security regime which is due to come into force fully on 4 January 2022.
Aniko Adam Counsel 9 September 2021
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German FDI: Exemption from the closing prohibition for transactions via a stock exchange
The German government introduced a new exemption from the closing prohibition for transactions which are conducted via a stock exchange.
Dimitri Slobodenjuk Partner 9 September 2021
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Secretary of State intervenes in the acquisition of UK graphene firm on national security grounds
The acquisition by Taurus of Welsh advanced materials firm Perpetuus is the latest in a flurry of on-going formal and informal national security reviews in the UK.
Aniko Adam Counsel 22 September 2021
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New Luxembourg draft bill introducing a framework for the screening of foreign direct investments
Luxembourg is adopting a framework for the screening of foreign direct investments in a Luxembourg entity exercising a critical activity in Luxembourg likely to affect security or public order.
Ada Schmitt Partner 19 October 2021
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Some statistics from the German Federal Cartel Office (FCO)
The FCO published its annual report for 2020/2021. Key takeaways: A further decline of merger control cases, fewer leniency applications and a focus on the digital economy.
Anne Filzmoser Counsel 4 October 2021
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Merger control and FDI interplay: Article 21 as a potential tool towards further convergence in FDI rules
The European Commission opened an investigation against Hungary for a potential breach of Article 21 of the EU Merger Regulation following Hungary's veto of VIG's acquisition of AEGON's Hungarian subsidiaries under its Foreign Direct Investment ("FDI") screening regime.
Georgios Yannouchos Counsel 22 November 2021
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Germany - The new coalition agreement: More progress in competition law?
The coalition agreement of the new government in Germany has the title "Daring more progress. Alliance for freedom, justice and sustainability". What does it mean for the future of competition law in Germany?
Arne Gayk Senior Associate 20 December 2021
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Spain extends the suspension of liberalisation of investments by EU/EFTA investors to 2022 year end.
Spain extends the suspension of liberalisation of certain investments by EU/EFTA investors to 2022 year end, considering the measure justified due to the economic context created by the Covid-19 crisis.
Carme Briera Senior Counsel 13 December 2021
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